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[tahoe-lafs/tahoe-lafs.git] / src / allmydata / scripts / tahoe_cp.py
index b904b179ee0f0fce689f0ed68ddcf29f92932b0b..b603d6ba01193c67be16fb74da19ed9b5d61a162 100644 (file)
 import os.path
 import urllib
 import simplejson
-from allmydata.scripts.common import get_alias, escape_path, DefaultAliasMarker
-from allmydata.scripts.common_http import do_http
-
-def ascii_or_none(s):
-    if s is None:
-        return s
-    return str(s)
-
-def get_info(nodeurl, aliases, target):
-    rootcap, path = get_alias(aliases, target, None)
-    if rootcap == DefaultAliasMarker:
-        # this is a local file
-        pathname = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(path))
-        if not os.path.exists(pathname):
-            return ("empty", "local", pathname)
-        if os.path.isdir(pathname):
-            return ("directory", "local", pathname)
-        else:
-            assert os.path.isfile(pathname)
-            return ("file", "local", pathname)
-    else:
-        # this is a tahoe object
-        url = nodeurl + "uri/%s" % urllib.quote(rootcap)
-        if path:
-            url += "/" + escape_path(path)
+from collections import defaultdict
+from cStringIO import StringIO
+from twisted.python.failure import Failure
+from allmydata.scripts.common import get_alias, escape_path, \
+                                     DefaultAliasMarker, TahoeError
+from allmydata.scripts.common_http import do_http, HTTPError
+from allmydata import uri
+from allmydata.util import fileutil
+from allmydata.util.fileutil import abspath_expanduser_unicode, precondition_abspath
+from allmydata.util.encodingutil import unicode_to_url, listdir_unicode, quote_output, \
+    quote_local_unicode_path, to_str
+from allmydata.util.assertutil import precondition, _assert
+
+
+class MissingSourceError(TahoeError):
+    def __init__(self, name, quotefn=quote_output):
+        TahoeError.__init__(self, "No such file or directory %s" % quotefn(name))
+
+class FilenameWithTrailingSlashError(TahoeError):
+    def __init__(self, name, quotefn=quote_output):
+        TahoeError.__init__(self, "source '%s' is not a directory, but ends with a slash" % quotefn(name))
+
+class WeirdSourceError(TahoeError):
+    def __init__(self, absname):
+        quoted = quote_local_unicode_path(absname)
+        TahoeError.__init__(self, "source '%s' is neither a file nor a directory, I can't handle it" % quoted)
+
+def GET_to_file(url):
+    resp = do_http("GET", url)
+    if resp.status == 200:
+        return resp
+    raise HTTPError("Error during GET", resp)
+
+def GET_to_string(url):
+    f = GET_to_file(url)
+    return f.read()
+
+def PUT(url, data):
+    resp = do_http("PUT", url, data)
+    if resp.status in (200, 201):
+        return resp.read()
+    raise HTTPError("Error during PUT", resp)
+
+def POST(url, data):
+    resp = do_http("POST", url, data)
+    if resp.status in (200, 201):
+        return resp.read()
+    raise HTTPError("Error during POST", resp)
+
+def mkdir(targeturl):
+    url = targeturl + "?t=mkdir"
+    resp = do_http("POST", url)
+    if resp.status in (200, 201):
+        return resp.read().strip()
+    raise HTTPError("Error during mkdir", resp)
+
+def make_tahoe_subdirectory(nodeurl, parent_writecap, name):
+    url = nodeurl + "/".join(["uri",
+                              urllib.quote(parent_writecap),
+                              urllib.quote(unicode_to_url(name)),
+                              ]) + "?t=mkdir"
+    resp = do_http("POST", url)
+    if resp.status in (200, 201):
+        return resp.read().strip()
+    raise HTTPError("Error during mkdir", resp)
+
+
+class LocalFileSource:
+    def __init__(self, pathname, basename):
+        precondition_abspath(pathname)
+        self.pathname = pathname
+        self._basename = basename
+
+    def basename(self):
+        return self._basename
+
+    def need_to_copy_bytes(self):
+        return True
+
+    def open(self, caps_only):
+        return open(self.pathname, "rb")
+
+class LocalFileTarget:
+    def __init__(self, pathname):
+        precondition_abspath(pathname)
+        self.pathname = pathname
+
+    def put_file(self, inf):
+        fileutil.put_file(self.pathname, inf)
+
+class LocalMissingTarget:
+    def __init__(self, pathname):
+        precondition_abspath(pathname)
+        self.pathname = pathname
+
+    def put_file(self, inf):
+        fileutil.put_file(self.pathname, inf)
+
+class LocalDirectorySource:
+    def __init__(self, progressfunc, pathname, basename):
+        precondition_abspath(pathname)
+
+        self.progressfunc = progressfunc
+        self.pathname = pathname
+        self.children = None
+        self._basename = basename
+
+    def basename(self):
+        return self._basename
+
+    def populate(self, recurse):
+        if self.children is not None:
+            return
+        self.children = {}
+        children = listdir_unicode(self.pathname)
+        for i,n in enumerate(children):
+            self.progressfunc("examining %d of %d" % (i+1, len(children)))
+            pn = os.path.join(self.pathname, n)
+            if os.path.isdir(pn):
+                child = LocalDirectorySource(self.progressfunc, pn, n)
+                self.children[n] = child
+                if recurse:
+                    child.populate(recurse=True)
+            elif os.path.isfile(pn):
+                self.children[n] = LocalFileSource(pn, n)
+            else:
+                # Could be dangling symlink; probably not copy-able.
+                # TODO: output a warning
+                pass
+
+class LocalDirectoryTarget:
+    def __init__(self, progressfunc, pathname):
+        precondition_abspath(pathname)
+
+        self.progressfunc = progressfunc
+        self.pathname = pathname
+        self.children = None
+
+    def populate(self, recurse):
+        if self.children is not None:
+            return
+        self.children = {}
+        children = listdir_unicode(self.pathname)
+        for i,n in enumerate(children):
+            self.progressfunc("examining %d of %d" % (i+1, len(children)))
+            pn = os.path.join(self.pathname, n)
+            if os.path.isdir(pn):
+                child = LocalDirectoryTarget(self.progressfunc, pn)
+                self.children[n] = child
+                if recurse:
+                    child.populate(recurse=True)
+            else:
+                assert os.path.isfile(pn)
+                self.children[n] = LocalFileTarget(pn)
+
+    def get_child_target(self, name):
+        precondition(isinstance(name, unicode), name)
+        precondition(len(name), name) # don't want ""
+        if self.children is None:
+            self.populate(recurse=False)
+        if name in self.children:
+            return self.children[name]
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.pathname, name)
+        os.makedirs(pathname)
+        child = LocalDirectoryTarget(self.progressfunc, pathname)
+        self.children[name] = child
+        return child
+
+    def put_file(self, name, inf):
+        precondition(isinstance(name, unicode), name)
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.pathname, name)
+        fileutil.put_file(pathname, inf)
+
+    def set_children(self):
+        pass
+
+
+class TahoeFileSource:
+    def __init__(self, nodeurl, mutable, writecap, readcap, basename):
+        self.nodeurl = nodeurl
+        self.mutable = mutable
+        self.writecap = writecap
+        self.readcap = readcap
+        self._basename = basename # unicode, or None for raw filecaps
+
+    def basename(self):
+        return self._basename
+
+    def need_to_copy_bytes(self):
+        if self.mutable:
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def open(self, caps_only):
+        if caps_only:
+            return StringIO(self.readcap)
+        url = self.nodeurl + "uri/" + urllib.quote(self.readcap)
+        return GET_to_file(url)
+
+    def bestcap(self):
+        return self.writecap or self.readcap
+
+class TahoeFileTarget:
+    def __init__(self, nodeurl, mutable, writecap, readcap, url):
+        self.nodeurl = nodeurl
+        self.mutable = mutable
+        self.writecap = writecap
+        self.readcap = readcap
+        self.url = url
+
+    def put_file(self, inf):
+        # We want to replace this object in-place.
+        assert self.url
+        # our do_http() call currently requires a string or a filehandle with
+        # a real .seek
+        if not hasattr(inf, "seek"):
+            inf = inf.read()
+        PUT(self.url, inf)
+        # TODO: this always creates immutable files. We might want an option
+        # to always create mutable files, or to copy mutable files into new
+        # mutable files. ticket #835
+
+class TahoeDirectorySource:
+    def __init__(self, nodeurl, cache, progressfunc, basename):
+        self.nodeurl = nodeurl
+        self.cache = cache
+        self.progressfunc = progressfunc
+        self._basename = basename # unicode, or None for raw dircaps
+
+    def basename(self):
+        return self._basename
+
+    def init_from_grid(self, writecap, readcap):
+        self.writecap = writecap
+        self.readcap = readcap
+        bestcap = writecap or readcap
+        url = self.nodeurl + "uri/%s" % urllib.quote(bestcap)
+        resp = do_http("GET", url + "?t=json")
+        if resp.status != 200:
+            raise HTTPError("Error examining source directory", resp)
+        parsed = simplejson.loads(resp.read())
+        nodetype, d = parsed
+        assert nodetype == "dirnode"
+        self.mutable = d.get("mutable", False) # older nodes don't provide it
+        self.children_d = dict( [(unicode(name),value)
+                                 for (name,value)
+                                 in d["children"].iteritems()] )
+        self.children = None
+
+    def init_from_parsed(self, parsed):
+        nodetype, d = parsed
+        self.writecap = to_str(d.get("rw_uri"))
+        self.readcap = to_str(d.get("ro_uri"))
+        self.mutable = d.get("mutable", False) # older nodes don't provide it
+        self.children_d = dict( [(unicode(name),value)
+                                 for (name,value)
+                                 in d["children"].iteritems()] )
+        self.children = None
+
+    def populate(self, recurse):
+        if self.children is not None:
+            return
+        self.children = {}
+        for i,(name, data) in enumerate(self.children_d.items()):
+            self.progressfunc("examining %d of %d" % (i+1, len(self.children_d)))
+            if data[0] == "filenode":
+                mutable = data[1].get("mutable", False)
+                writecap = to_str(data[1].get("rw_uri"))
+                readcap = to_str(data[1].get("ro_uri"))
+                self.children[name] = TahoeFileSource(self.nodeurl, mutable,
+                                                      writecap, readcap, name)
+            elif data[0] == "dirnode":
+                writecap = to_str(data[1].get("rw_uri"))
+                readcap = to_str(data[1].get("ro_uri"))
+                if writecap and writecap in self.cache:
+                    child = self.cache[writecap]
+                elif readcap and readcap in self.cache:
+                    child = self.cache[readcap]
+                else:
+                    child = TahoeDirectorySource(self.nodeurl, self.cache,
+                                                 self.progressfunc, name)
+                    child.init_from_grid(writecap, readcap)
+                    if writecap:
+                        self.cache[writecap] = child
+                    if readcap:
+                        self.cache[readcap] = child
+                    if recurse:
+                        child.populate(recurse=True)
+                self.children[name] = child
+            else:
+                # TODO: there should be an option to skip unknown nodes.
+                raise TahoeError("Cannot copy unknown nodes (ticket #839). "
+                                 "You probably need to use a later version of "
+                                 "Tahoe-LAFS to copy this directory.")
+
+class TahoeMissingTarget:
+    def __init__(self, url):
+        self.url = url
+
+    def put_file(self, inf):
+        # We want to replace this object in-place.
+        if not hasattr(inf, "seek"):
+            inf = inf.read()
+        PUT(self.url, inf)
+        # TODO: this always creates immutable files. We might want an option
+        # to always create mutable files, or to copy mutable files into new
+        # mutable files.
+
+    def put_uri(self, filecap):
+        # I'm not sure this will always work
+        return PUT(self.url + "?t=uri", filecap)
+
+class TahoeDirectoryTarget:
+    def __init__(self, nodeurl, cache, progressfunc):
+        self.nodeurl = nodeurl
+        self.cache = cache
+        self.progressfunc = progressfunc
+        self.new_children = {}
+
+    def init_from_parsed(self, parsed):
+        nodetype, d = parsed
+        self.writecap = to_str(d.get("rw_uri"))
+        self.readcap = to_str(d.get("ro_uri"))
+        self.mutable = d.get("mutable", False) # older nodes don't provide it
+        self.children_d = dict( [(unicode(name),value)
+                                 for (name,value)
+                                 in d["children"].iteritems()] )
+        self.children = None
+
+    def init_from_grid(self, writecap, readcap):
+        self.writecap = writecap
+        self.readcap = readcap
+        bestcap = writecap or readcap
+        url = self.nodeurl + "uri/%s" % urllib.quote(bestcap)
         resp = do_http("GET", url + "?t=json")
-        if resp.status == 404:
-            # doesn't exist yet
-            return ("empty", "tahoe", False, None, None, url)
+        if resp.status != 200:
+            raise HTTPError("Error examining target directory", resp)
         parsed = simplejson.loads(resp.read())
         nodetype, d = parsed
-        mutable = d.get("mutable", False) # older nodes don't provide 'mutable'
-        rw_uri = ascii_or_none(d.get("rw_uri"))
-        ro_uri = ascii_or_none(d.get("ro_uri"))
-        if nodetype == "dirnode":
-            return ("directory", "tahoe", mutable, rw_uri, ro_uri, url)
+        assert nodetype == "dirnode"
+        self.mutable = d.get("mutable", False) # older nodes don't provide it
+        self.children_d = dict( [(unicode(name),value)
+                                 for (name,value)
+                                 in d["children"].iteritems()] )
+        self.children = None
+
+    def just_created(self, writecap):
+        # TODO: maybe integrate this with the constructor
+        self.writecap = writecap
+        self.readcap = uri.from_string(writecap).get_readonly().to_string()
+        self.mutable = True
+        self.children_d = {}
+        self.children = {}
+
+    def populate(self, recurse):
+        if self.children is not None:
+            return
+        self.children = {}
+        for i,(name, data) in enumerate(self.children_d.items()):
+            self.progressfunc("examining %d of %d" % (i+1, len(self.children_d)))
+            if data[0] == "filenode":
+                mutable = data[1].get("mutable", False)
+                writecap = to_str(data[1].get("rw_uri"))
+                readcap = to_str(data[1].get("ro_uri"))
+                url = None
+                if self.writecap:
+                    url = self.nodeurl + "/".join(["uri",
+                                                   urllib.quote(self.writecap),
+                                                   urllib.quote(unicode_to_url(name))])
+                self.children[name] = TahoeFileTarget(self.nodeurl, mutable,
+                                                      writecap, readcap, url)
+            elif data[0] == "dirnode":
+                writecap = to_str(data[1].get("rw_uri"))
+                readcap = to_str(data[1].get("ro_uri"))
+                if writecap and writecap in self.cache:
+                    child = self.cache[writecap]
+                elif readcap and readcap in self.cache:
+                    child = self.cache[readcap]
+                else:
+                    child = TahoeDirectoryTarget(self.nodeurl, self.cache,
+                                                 self.progressfunc)
+                    child.init_from_grid(writecap, readcap)
+                    if writecap:
+                        self.cache[writecap] = child
+                    if readcap:
+                        self.cache[readcap] = child
+                    if recurse:
+                        child.populate(recurse=True)
+                self.children[name] = child
+            else:
+                # TODO: there should be an option to skip unknown nodes.
+                raise TahoeError("Cannot copy unknown nodes (ticket #839). "
+                                 "You probably need to use a later version of "
+                                 "Tahoe-LAFS to copy this directory.")
+
+    def get_child_target(self, name):
+        # return a new target for a named subdirectory of this dir
+        precondition(isinstance(name, unicode), name)
+        if self.children is None:
+            self.populate(recurse=False)
+        if name in self.children:
+            return self.children[name]
+        writecap = make_tahoe_subdirectory(self.nodeurl, self.writecap, name)
+        child = TahoeDirectoryTarget(self.nodeurl, self.cache,
+                                     self.progressfunc)
+        child.just_created(writecap)
+        self.children[name] = child
+        return child
+
+    def put_file(self, name, inf):
+        precondition(isinstance(name, unicode), name)
+        url = self.nodeurl + "uri"
+        if not hasattr(inf, "seek"):
+            inf = inf.read()
+
+        if self.children is None:
+            self.populate(recurse=False)
+
+        # Check to see if we already have a mutable file by this name.
+        # If so, overwrite that file in place.
+        if name in self.children and self.children[name].mutable:
+            self.children[name].put_file(inf)
         else:
-            return ("file", "tahoe", mutable, rw_uri, ro_uri, url)
-
-def copy(nodeurl, config, aliases, sources, destination,
-         verbosity, stdout, stderr):
-    if nodeurl[-1] != "/":
-        nodeurl += "/"
-    recursive = config["recursive"]
-
-    #print "sources:", sources
-    #print "dest:", destination
-
-    target = get_info(nodeurl, aliases, destination)
-    #print target
-
-    source_info = dict([(get_info(nodeurl, aliases, source), source)
-                        for source in sources])
-    source_files = [s for s in source_info if s[0] == "file"]
-    source_dirs = [s for s in source_info if s[0] == "directory"]
-    empty_sources = [s for s in source_info if s[0] == "empty"]
-    if empty_sources:
-        for s in empty_sources:
-            print >>stderr, "no such file or directory %s" % source_info[s]
-        return 1
-
-    #print "source_files", " ".join([source_info[s] for s in source_files])
-    #print "source_dirs", " ".join([source_info[s] for s in source_dirs])
-
-    if source_dirs and not recursive:
-        print >>stderr, "cannot copy directories without --recursive"
-        return 1
-
-    if target[0] == "file":
-        # cp STUFF foo.txt, where foo.txt already exists. This limits the
-        # possibilities considerably.
-        if len(sources) > 1:
-            print >>stderr, "target '%s' is not a directory" % destination
+            filecap = PUT(url, inf)
+            # TODO: this always creates immutable files. We might want an option
+            # to always create mutable files, or to copy mutable files into new
+            # mutable files.
+            self.new_children[name] = filecap
+
+    def put_uri(self, name, filecap):
+        precondition(isinstance(name, unicode), name)
+        self.new_children[name] = filecap
+
+    def set_children(self):
+        if not self.new_children:
+            return
+        url = (self.nodeurl + "uri/" + urllib.quote(self.writecap)
+               + "?t=set_children")
+        set_data = {}
+        for (name, filecap) in self.new_children.items():
+            # it just so happens that ?t=set_children will accept both file
+            # read-caps and write-caps as ['rw_uri'], and will handle either
+            # correctly. So don't bother trying to figure out whether the one
+            # we have is read-only or read-write.
+            # TODO: think about how this affects forward-compatibility for
+            # unknown caps
+            set_data[name] = ["filenode", {"rw_uri": filecap}]
+        body = simplejson.dumps(set_data)
+        POST(url, body)
+
+FileSources = (LocalFileSource, TahoeFileSource)
+DirectorySources = (LocalDirectorySource, TahoeDirectorySource)
+FileTargets = (LocalFileTarget, TahoeFileTarget)
+DirectoryTargets = (LocalDirectoryTarget, TahoeDirectoryTarget)
+MissingTargets = (LocalMissingTarget, TahoeMissingTarget)
+
+class Copier:
+
+    def do_copy(self, options, progressfunc=None):
+        if options['quiet']:
+            verbosity = 0
+        elif options['verbose']:
+            verbosity = 2
+        else:
+            verbosity = 1
+
+        nodeurl = options['node-url']
+        if nodeurl[-1] != "/":
+            nodeurl += "/"
+        self.nodeurl = nodeurl
+        self.progressfunc = progressfunc
+        self.options = options
+        self.aliases = options.aliases
+        self.verbosity = verbosity
+        self.stdout = options.stdout
+        self.stderr = options.stderr
+        if verbosity >= 2 and not self.progressfunc:
+            def progress(message):
+                print >>self.stderr, message
+            self.progressfunc = progress
+        self.caps_only = options["caps-only"]
+        self.cache = {}
+        try:
+            status = self.try_copy()
+            return status
+        except TahoeError, te:
+            if verbosity >= 2:
+                Failure().printTraceback(self.stderr)
+                print >>self.stderr
+            te.display(self.stderr)
             return 1
-        if source_dirs:
-            print >>stderr, "cannot copy directory into a file"
+
+    def try_copy(self):
+        """
+        All usage errors are caught here, not in a subroutine. This bottoms
+        out in copy_file_to_file() or copy_things_to_directory().
+        """
+        source_specs = self.options.sources
+        destination_spec = self.options.destination
+        recursive = self.options["recursive"]
+
+        target = self.get_target_info(destination_spec)
+        precondition(isinstance(target, FileTargets + DirectoryTargets + MissingTargets), target)
+        target_has_trailing_slash = destination_spec.endswith("/")
+
+        sources = [] # list of source objects
+        for ss in source_specs:
+            try:
+                si = self.get_source_info(ss)
+            except FilenameWithTrailingSlashError as e:
+                self.to_stderr(str(e))
+                return 1
+            precondition(isinstance(si, FileSources + DirectorySources), si)
+            sources.append(si)
+
+        # if any source is a directory, must use -r
+        # if target is missing:
+        #    if source is a single file, target will be a file
+        #    else target will be a directory, so mkdir it
+        # if there are multiple sources, target must be a dir
+        # if target is a file, source must be a single file
+        # if target is directory, sources must be named or a dir
+
+        have_source_dirs = any([isinstance(s, DirectorySources)
+                                for s in sources])
+        if have_source_dirs and not recursive:
+            # 'cp dir target' without -r: error
+            self.to_stderr("cannot copy directories without --recursive")
+            return 1
+        del recursive # -r is only used for signalling errors
+
+        if isinstance(target, FileTargets):
+            target_is_file = True
+        elif isinstance(target, DirectoryTargets):
+            target_is_file = False
+        else: # isinstance(target, MissingTargets)
+            if len(sources) == 1 and isinstance(sources[0], FileSources):
+                target_is_file = True
+            else:
+                target_is_file = False
+
+        if target_is_file and target_has_trailing_slash:
+            self.to_stderr("target is not a directory, but ends with a slash")
             return 1
-        return copy_to_file(source_files[0], target)
-
-    if target[0] == "empty":
-        if recursive:
-            return copy_to_directory(source_files, source_dirs, target)
-        if len(sources) > 1:
-            # if we have -r, we'll auto-create the target directory. Without
-            # it, we'll only create a file.
-            print >>stderr, "cannot copy multiple files into a file without -r"
+
+        if len(sources) > 1 and target_is_file:
+            self.to_stderr("copying multiple things requires target be a directory")
             return 1
-        # cp file1 newfile
-        return copy_to_file(source_files[0], target)
 
-    if target[0] == "directory":
-        return copy_to_directory(source_files, source_dirs, target)
+        if target_is_file:
+            _assert(len(sources) == 1, sources)
+            if not isinstance(sources[0], FileSources):
+                # 'cp -r dir existingfile': error
+                self.to_stderr("cannot copy directory into a file")
+                return 1
+            return self.copy_file_to_file(sources[0], target)
 
-    print >>stderr, "unknown target"
-    return 1
+        # else target is a directory, so each source must be one of:
+        # * a named file (copied to a new file under the target)
+        # * a named directory (causes a new directory of the same name to be
+        #   created under the target, then the contents of the source are
+        #   copied into that directory)
+        # * an unnamed directory (the contents of the source are copied into
+        #   the target, without a new directory being made)
+        #
+        # If any source is an unnamed file, throw an error, since we have no
+        # way to name the output file.
+        _assert(isinstance(target, DirectoryTargets + MissingTargets), target)
 
+        for source in sources:
+            if isinstance(source, FileSources) and source.basename() is None:
+                self.to_stderr("when copying into a directory, all source files must have names, but %s is unnamed" % quote_output(source_specs[0]))
+                return 1
+        return self.copy_things_to_directory(sources, target)
 
-def get_file_data(source):
-    assert source[0] == "file"
-    if source[1] == "local":
-        return open(source[2], "rb").read()
-    return do_http("GET", source[-1]).read()
+    def to_stderr(self, text):
+        print >>self.stderr, text
 
-class WriteError(Exception):
-    pass
+    # FIXME reduce the amount of near-duplicate code between get_target_info
+    # and get_source_info.
 
-def check_PUT(resp):
-    if resp.status in (200, 201):
-        return True
-    raise WriteError("Error during PUT: %s %s %s" % (resp.status, resp.reason,
-                                                     resp.read()))
+    def get_target_info(self, destination_spec):
+        precondition(isinstance(destination_spec, unicode), destination_spec)
+        rootcap, path_utf8 = get_alias(self.aliases, destination_spec, None)
+        path = path_utf8.decode("utf-8")
+        if rootcap == DefaultAliasMarker:
+            # no alias, so this is a local file
+            pathname = abspath_expanduser_unicode(path)
+            if not os.path.exists(pathname):
+                t = LocalMissingTarget(pathname)
+            elif os.path.isdir(pathname):
+                t = LocalDirectoryTarget(self.progress, pathname)
+            else:
+                # TODO: should this be _assert? what happens if the target is
+                # a special file?
+                assert os.path.isfile(pathname), pathname
+                t = LocalFileTarget(pathname) # non-empty
+        else:
+            # this is a tahoe object
+            url = self.nodeurl + "uri/%s" % urllib.quote(rootcap)
+            if path:
+                url += "/" + escape_path(path)
 
-def put_file_data(data, target):
-    if target[1] == "local":
-        open(target[2], "wb").write(data)
-        return True
-    resp = do_http("PUT", target[-1], data)
-    return check_PUT(resp)
-
-def put_uri(uri, target):
-    resp = do_http("PUT", target[-1] + "?t=uri", uri)
-    return check_PUT(resp)
-
-def copy_to_file(source, target):
-    assert source[0] == "file"
-    # do we need to copy bytes?
-    if source[1] == "local" or source[2] == True or target[1] == "local":
-        # yes
-        data = get_file_data(source)
-        put_file_data(data, target)
-        return
-    # no, we're getting data from an immutable source, and we're copying into
-    # the tahoe grid, so we can just copy the URI.
-    uri = source[3] or source[4] # prefer rw_uri, fall back to ro_uri
-    # TODO: if the original was mutable, and we're creating the target,
-    # should be we create a mutable file to match? At the moment we always
-    # create immutable files.
-    put_uri(uri, target)
-
-def copy_to_directory(source_files, source_dirs, target):
-    NotImplementedError
+            resp = do_http("GET", url + "?t=json")
+            if resp.status == 404:
+                # doesn't exist yet
+                t = TahoeMissingTarget(url)
+            elif resp.status == 200:
+                parsed = simplejson.loads(resp.read())
+                nodetype, d = parsed
+                if nodetype == "dirnode":
+                    t = TahoeDirectoryTarget(self.nodeurl, self.cache,
+                                             self.progress)
+                    t.init_from_parsed(parsed)
+                else:
+                    writecap = to_str(d.get("rw_uri"))
+                    readcap = to_str(d.get("ro_uri"))
+                    mutable = d.get("mutable", False)
+                    t = TahoeFileTarget(self.nodeurl, mutable,
+                                        writecap, readcap, url)
+            else:
+                raise HTTPError("Error examining target %s"
+                                 % quote_output(destination_spec), resp)
+        return t
+
+    def get_source_info(self, source_spec):
+        """
+        This turns an argv string into a (Local|Tahoe)(File|Directory)Source.
+        """
+        precondition(isinstance(source_spec, unicode), source_spec)
+        rootcap, path_utf8 = get_alias(self.aliases, source_spec, None)
+        path = path_utf8.decode("utf-8")
+        # any trailing slash is removed in abspath_expanduser_unicode(), so
+        # make a note of it here, to throw an error later
+        had_trailing_slash = path.endswith("/")
+        if rootcap == DefaultAliasMarker:
+            # no alias, so this is a local file
+            pathname = abspath_expanduser_unicode(path)
+            name = os.path.basename(pathname)
+            if not os.path.exists(pathname):
+                raise MissingSourceError(source_spec, quotefn=quote_local_unicode_path)
+            if os.path.isdir(pathname):
+                t = LocalDirectorySource(self.progress, pathname, name)
+            else:
+                if had_trailing_slash:
+                    raise FilenameWithTrailingSlashError(source_spec,
+                                                         quotefn=quote_local_unicode_path)
+                if not os.path.isfile(pathname):
+                    raise WeirdSourceError(pathname)
+                t = LocalFileSource(pathname, name) # non-empty
+        else:
+            # this is a tahoe object
+            url = self.nodeurl + "uri/%s" % urllib.quote(rootcap)
+            name = None
+            if path:
+                if path.endswith("/"):
+                    path = path[:-1]
+                url += "/" + escape_path(path)
+                last_slash = path.rfind(u"/")
+                name = path
+                if last_slash != -1:
+                    name = path[last_slash+1:]
+
+            resp = do_http("GET", url + "?t=json")
+            if resp.status == 404:
+                raise MissingSourceError(source_spec)
+            elif resp.status != 200:
+                raise HTTPError("Error examining source %s" % quote_output(source_spec),
+                                resp)
+            parsed = simplejson.loads(resp.read())
+            nodetype, d = parsed
+            if nodetype == "dirnode":
+                t = TahoeDirectorySource(self.nodeurl, self.cache,
+                                         self.progress, name)
+                t.init_from_parsed(parsed)
+            else:
+                if had_trailing_slash:
+                    raise FilenameWithTrailingSlashError(source_spec)
+                writecap = to_str(d.get("rw_uri"))
+                readcap = to_str(d.get("ro_uri"))
+                mutable = d.get("mutable", False) # older nodes don't provide it
+                t = TahoeFileSource(self.nodeurl, mutable, writecap, readcap, name)
+        return t
+
+
+    def need_to_copy_bytes(self, source, target):
+        if source.need_to_copy_bytes:
+            # mutable tahoe files, and local files
+            return True
+        if isinstance(target, (LocalFileTarget, LocalDirectoryTarget)):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def announce_success(self, msg):
+        if self.verbosity >= 1:
+            print >>self.stdout, "Success: %s" % msg
+        return 0
+
+    def copy_file_to_file(self, source, target):
+        precondition(isinstance(source, FileSources), source)
+        precondition(isinstance(target, FileTargets + MissingTargets), target)
+        if self.need_to_copy_bytes(source, target):
+            # if the target is a local directory, this will just write the
+            # bytes to disk. If it is a tahoe directory, it will upload the
+            # data, and stash the new filecap for a later set_children call.
+            f = source.open(self.caps_only)
+            target.put_file(f)
+            return self.announce_success("file copied")
+        # otherwise we're copying tahoe to tahoe, and using immutable files,
+        # so we can just make a link. TODO: this probably won't always work:
+        # need to enumerate the cases and analyze them.
+        target.put_uri(source.bestcap())
+        return self.announce_success("file linked")
+
+    def copy_things_to_directory(self, sources, target):
+        # step one: if the target is missing, we should mkdir it
+        target = self.maybe_create_target(target)
+        target.populate(recurse=False)
+
+        # step two: scan any source dirs, recursively, to find children
+        for s in sources:
+            if isinstance(s, DirectorySources):
+                s.populate(recurse=True)
+            if isinstance(s, FileSources):
+                # each source must have a name, or be a directory
+                _assert(s.basename() is not None, s)
+
+        # step three: find a target for each source node, creating
+        # directories as necessary. 'targetmap' is a dictionary that uses
+        # target Directory instances as keys, and has values of (name:
+        # sourceobject) dicts for all the files that need to wind up there.
+        targetmap = self.build_targetmap(sources, target)
+
+        # step four: walk through the list of targets. For each one, copy all
+        # the files. If the target is a TahoeDirectory, upload and create
+        # read-caps, then do a set_children to the target directory.
+        self.copy_to_targetmap(targetmap)
+
+        return self.announce_success("files copied")
+
+    def maybe_create_target(self, target):
+        if isinstance(target, LocalMissingTarget):
+            os.makedirs(target.pathname)
+            target = LocalDirectoryTarget(self.progress, target.pathname)
+        elif isinstance(target, TahoeMissingTarget):
+            writecap = mkdir(target.url)
+            target = TahoeDirectoryTarget(self.nodeurl, self.cache,
+                                          self.progress)
+            target.just_created(writecap)
+        # afterwards, or otherwise, it will be a directory
+        precondition(isinstance(target, DirectoryTargets), target)
+        return target
+
+    def build_targetmap(self, sources, target):
+        num_source_files = len([s for s in sources
+                                if isinstance(s, FileSources)])
+        num_source_dirs = len([s for s in sources
+                               if isinstance(s, DirectorySources)])
+        self.progress("attaching sources to targets, "
+                      "%d files / %d dirs in root" %
+                      (num_source_files, num_source_dirs))
+
+        # this maps each target directory to a list of source files that need
+        # to be copied into it. All source files have names.
+        targetmap = defaultdict(list)
+
+        for s in sources:
+            if isinstance(s, FileSources):
+                targetmap[target].append(s)
+            else:
+                _assert(isinstance(s, DirectorySources), s)
+                name = s.basename()
+                if name is not None:
+                    # named sources get a new directory. see #2329
+                    new_target = target.get_child_target(name)
+                else:
+                    # unnamed sources have their contents copied directly
+                    new_target = target
+                self.assign_targets(targetmap, s, new_target)
+
+        self.progress("targets assigned, %s dirs, %s files" %
+                      (len(targetmap), self.count_files_to_copy(targetmap)))
+        return targetmap
+
+    def assign_targets(self, targetmap, source, target):
+        # copy everything in the source into the target
+        precondition(isinstance(source, DirectorySources), source)
+        for name, child in source.children.items():
+            if isinstance(child, DirectorySources):
+                # we will need a target directory for this one
+                subtarget = target.get_child_target(name)
+                self.assign_targets(targetmap, child, subtarget)
+            else:
+                _assert(isinstance(child, FileSources), child)
+                targetmap[target].append(child)
+
+    def copy_to_targetmap(self, targetmap):
+        files_to_copy = self.count_files_to_copy(targetmap)
+        self.progress("starting copy, %d files, %d directories" %
+                      (files_to_copy, len(targetmap)))
+        files_copied = 0
+        targets_finished = 0
+
+        for target, sources in targetmap.items():
+            _assert(isinstance(target, DirectoryTargets), target)
+            for source in sources:
+                _assert(isinstance(source, FileSources), source)
+                self.copy_file_into_dir(source, source.basename(), target)
+                files_copied += 1
+                self.progress("%d/%d files, %d/%d directories" %
+                              (files_copied, files_to_copy,
+                               targets_finished, len(targetmap)))
+            target.set_children()
+            targets_finished += 1
+            self.progress("%d/%d directories" %
+                          (targets_finished, len(targetmap)))
+
+    def count_files_to_copy(self, targetmap):
+        return sum([len(sources) for sources in targetmap.values()])
+
+    def copy_file_into_dir(self, source, name, target):
+        precondition(isinstance(source, FileSources), source)
+        precondition(isinstance(target, DirectoryTargets), target)
+        precondition(isinstance(name, unicode), name)
+        if self.need_to_copy_bytes(source, target):
+            # if the target is a local directory, this will just write the
+            # bytes to disk. If it is a tahoe directory, it will upload the
+            # data, and stash the new filecap for a later set_children call.
+            f = source.open(self.caps_only)
+            target.put_file(name, f)
+            return
+        # otherwise we're copying tahoe to tahoe, and using immutable files,
+        # so we can just make a link
+        target.put_uri(name, source.bestcap())
+
+
+    def progress(self, message):
+        #print message
+        if self.progressfunc:
+            self.progressfunc(message)
+
+
+def copy(options):
+    return Copier().do_copy(options)
+
+# error cases that need improvement:
+#  local-file-in-the-way
+#   touch proposed
+#   tahoe cp -r my:docs/proposed/denver.txt proposed/denver.txt
+#  handling of unknown nodes
+
+# things that maybe should be errors but aren't
+#  local-dir-in-the-way
+#   mkdir denver.txt
+#   tahoe cp -r my:docs/proposed/denver.txt denver.txt
+#   (creates denver.txt/denver.txt)
+
+# error cases that look good:
+#  tahoe cp -r my:docs/missing missing
+#  disconnect servers
+#   tahoe cp -r my:docs/missing missing  -> No JSON object could be decoded
+#  tahoe-file-in-the-way (when we want to make a directory)
+#   tahoe put README my:docs
+#   tahoe cp -r docs/proposed my:docs/proposed